PAM聚丙烯酰胺的用途
The Use of Polyacrylamide PAM
PAM全名聚丙烯酰胺，是国内常用的非离子型高分子絮凝剂，
PAM full name polyacrylamide, is a commonly used domestic non-ionic polymer flocculant, molecular weight 1.5 million -20 million, commodity concentration is generally 8%. Organic polymer flocculants have a large surface adsorption effect resulting from the formation of larger flocs between particles.
PAM具有高分子化合物的水溶性以及其主链上活泼的酰基，因而在石油开采、水处理、纺织印染、造纸、选矿、洗煤、医药、制糖、养殖、建材、农业等行业具有广泛的应用，有“百业助剂”、 “万能产品”之称。
PAM has the water solubility of polymer compounds and active acyl groups in the main chain, and thus has a wide range of applications in oil extraction, water treatment, textile printing and dyeing, paper making, beneficiation, coal washing, medicine, sugar refining, aquaculture, building materials, agriculture and other industries. , There are also known as "a hundred additives," "universal products," .
PAM的主要用途:
The main use of PAM:
1. 水处理领域
1. Water treatment
PAM在水处理工业中的应用主要包括原水处理、污水处理和工业水处理3个方面。在原水处理中，PAM与活性炭等配合使用，可用于生活水中悬浮颗粒的凝聚和澄清；在污水处理中，PAM可用于污泥脱水；在工业水处理中，主要用作配方药剂。在原水处理中，用有机絮凝剂PAM代替无机絮凝剂，即使不改造沉降池，净水能力也可提高20%以上。大中城市在供水紧张或水质较差时都采用PAM作为补充。在污水处理中，采用PAM可以增加水回用循环的使用率。
The application of PAM in water treatment industry mainly includes raw water treatment, sewage treatment and industrial water treatment. In raw water treatment, PAM is used in combination with activated carbon, which can be used for coagulation and clarification of suspended particles in living water. In wastewater treatment, PAM can be used for sludge dewatering; in industrial water treatment, it is mainly used as a formulation medicament. In raw water treatment, organic flocculant PAM is used instead of inorganic flocculant. Even if the sedimentation tank is not modified, the water purification capacity can be increased by more than 20%. Large and medium-sized cities use PAM as a supplement when water supply is tight or water quality is poor. In wastewater treatment, the use of PAM can increase the rate of reuse of the water reuse cycle.
2 石油采油领域
2. Petroleum Production
在石油开采中，主要用于钻井泥浆材料以及提高采油率等方面，广泛应用于钻井、完井、固井、压裂、强化采油等油田开采作业中，具有增粘、降滤失、流变调节、胶凝、分流、剖面调整等功能。目前我国油田开采已经步入中后期，为提高原油采收率，主要推广聚合物驱油和三元复合驱油技术。通过注入聚丙烯酰胺水溶液，改善油水流速比，使采出物中原油含量提高，国外聚丙烯酰胺在油田方面的应用不多，我国由于特殊的地质条件，大庆油田和胜利油田已经开始广泛采用聚合物驱油技术。
In oil exploitation, it is mainly used for drilling mud materials and improving oil recovery rate. It is widely used in drilling, completion, cementing, fracturing, and enhanced oil recovery operations in oil fields, such as viscosity increase, filtration loss, and rheology. Adjustment, gelling, shunting, profile adjustment and other functions. At present, China's oilfield exploitation has entered the middle and late stages. In order to improve oil recovery, we mainly promote polymer flooding and ASP flooding technology. By injecting the polyacrylamide solution, the flow rate ratio of oil and water is improved, and the crude oil content in the product is increased. The application of foreign polyacrylamide in the oil field is limited. Due to the special geological conditions in China, Daqing Oilfield and Shengli Oil Field have begun to widely use polymerization. Oil displacement technology.
3. 造纸领域
3. Papermaking
PAM在造纸领域中广泛用作驻留剂、助滤剂、均度剂等。它的作用是能够提高纸张的质量，提高浆料脱水性能，提高细小纤维及填料的留着率，减少原材料的消耗以及对环境的污染等。在造纸中使用的效果取决于其平均分子量、离子性质、离子强度及其它共聚物的活性。非离子型PAM主要用于提高纸浆的滤性，增加干纸强度，提高纤维及填料的留着率；阴离子型共聚物主要用作纸张的干湿增强剂和驻留剂；阳离子型共聚物主要用于造纸废水处理和助滤作用，另外对于提高填料的留着率也有较好的效果。此外，PAM还应用于造纸废水处理和纤维回收。
PAM is widely used as a resident agent, a filter aid, a homogenizer and the like in the papermaking field. Its role is to improve the quality of paper, improve slurry dewatering performance, improve the retention of fine fibers and fillers, reduce the consumption of raw materials and environmental pollution. The effect used in papermaking depends on its average molecular weight, ionic properties, ionic strength, and activity of other copolymers. Non-ionic PAM is mainly used to improve the filterability of pulp, increase the strength of dry paper, and improve the retention of fibers and fillers; anionic copolymers are mainly used as dry and wet enhancers and resident agents for paper; cationic copolymers are mainly used. It is used for papermaking wastewater treatment and filter aid, and it also has good effect on improving the retention of filler. In addition, PAM is also used in papermaking wastewater treatment and fiber recycling.
4. 纺织印染工业
4. Textile Printing and Dyeing Industry
在纺织工业中，PAM作为织物后处理的上浆剂、整理剂，可以生成柔顺、防皱、耐霉菌的保护层。利用它的吸湿性强的特点，能减少纺细纱时的断线率；PAM作后处理剂可以防止织物的静电和阻燃；用作印染助剂时，可使产品附着牢度大、鲜艳度高，还可以作为漂白的非硅高分子稳定剂；此外，还可以用于纺织印染污水的高效净化。
In the textile industry, PAM as a sizing agent and finishing agent for fabric post-treatment can produce a soft, crease-resistant and mold-resistant protective layer. With its strong hygroscopicity, it can reduce the breakage rate when spinning spun yarns; PAM can be used as a post-treatment agent to prevent static and flame-retarding of fabrics; when used as a printing and dyeing auxiliary, it can make products have large attachment fastness and vividness. High, it can also be used as a bleaching non-silicon polymer stabilizer; In addition, it can also be used for the efficient purification of textile printing and dyeing wastewater.
5. 神经性毒气解毒剂
5. Neurotoxicity Antidote
为了达到解除沙林（一种神经性毒剂属有机磷或有机磷酸酯类化合物organophosphorus compounds，organoposphates）毒性，一般会采用羟胺（NH2OH, hydroxylamine），把接在乙醯胆碱酯上的含膦化合物移开，使得此可以再活化，进行乙醯胆碱的水解反应，但羟胺浓度需要量会很高，而此高浓度的羟胺也会造成毒性。因此取代方法是以PAM来治疗。10-6M的PAM相当于IM羟胺之解毒性。除PAM外，应有其他化合物可当神经解毒剂，如obidoxime、HI-6。这三种解毒剂都含有R2NOH之亲核基，而且每一种解毒剂对不同神经毒剂之解毒效果略有不同。
In order to achieve the detoxification of sarin, a neurotoxic agent that is organophosphorus compounds (organoposphates), hydroxylamine (NH2OH, hydroxylamine) is generally used to attach phosphine compounds to acetylcholine esters. Removing it allows this to be reactivated for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, but the hydroxylamine concentration requirement will be high, and this high concentration of hydroxylamine will also cause toxicity. Therefore, the replacement method is to treat with PAM. The 10-6 M PAM is equivalent to the detoxification of IM hydroxylamine. In addition to PAM, there should be other compounds that can act as neurotoxicants, such as obidoxime, HI-6. All three antidotes contain the nucleophilic group of R2NOH, and the detoxification effect of each antidote on different nerve agents is slightly different.
6. 其他领域
6. Other areas
在采矿、洗煤领域，采用PAM作絮凝剂可促进采矿、洗煤回收水中固体物的沉降，使水澄清，同时可回收有用的固体颗粒，避免对环境造成污染；在制糖工业中，可加速蔗汁中细粒子的下沉，促进过滤和提高滤液的清澈度；在养殖工业中，可改善水质，增加水的透光性能，从而改善水的光合作用；在医药工业中，可用作分离抗菌素的絮凝剂、用作药片的赋型粘接剂以及工艺水澄清剂等；在建材工业中，可用作涂料增稠分散剂、锯石板材冷却剂以及陶瓷粘接剂等；在农业上，可作为高吸水性材料可用作土壤保湿剂以及种子培养剂等。在建筑工业中，可以增强石膏水泥的硬度，加速石棉水泥的脱水速度。此外，还可用作天然或合成皮革的保护涂层以及无机肥料的造粒助剂等。
In the field of mining and coal washing, the use of PAM as a flocculant can promote the settlement of solids in mining and coal washing recovery water, clarify the water, and recover useful solid particles to avoid environmental pollution; in the sugar industry, cane can be accelerated The sinking of fine particles in the juice promotes filtration and improves the clarity of the filtrate. In the aquaculture industry, it can improve water quality, increase the light transmission performance of water, and thus improve the photosynthesis of water. In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as a separating antibiotic. Flocculants, excipients for forming tablets and clarifiers for process water, etc.; in the building materials industry, they can be used as thickening dispersants for coatings, coolants for sawn stone plates, and ceramic adhesives; in agriculture, It can be used as a superabsorbent material as a soil moisturizer and seed culture agent. In the construction industry, the hardness of gypsum cement can be enhanced to accelerate the dehydration rate of asbestos cement. In addition, it can also be used as a protective coating for natural or synthetic leather and as a granulation aid for inorganic fertilizers.
理化指标：
Physical and chemical indicators:
该产品俗称絮凝剂或凝聚剂，是线状高分子聚合物，分子量在300-2500万之间（可通过自动乌氏粘度计测量系统轻松得到PAM分子量或特性粘度），固体产品外观为白色粉颗，液态为无色粘稠胶体状，易溶于水，几乎不溶于有机溶剂。应用时宜在常温下溶解，温度超过150℃时易分解。属非危险品、无毒、无腐蚀性。固体PAM有吸湿性、絮凝性、粘合性、降阻性、增稠性、同时稳定性好。
This product is commonly known as flocculant or flocculant. It is a linear polymer with a molecular weight between 300 and 25 million. (The PAM molecular weight or intrinsic viscosity can be easily obtained by an automatic Ubbelohde viscometer measurement system.) The appearance of solid product is white powder. The liquid is colorless, viscous, colloidal, soluble in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents. When applied, it should be dissolved at room temperature. When the temperature exceeds 150°C, it is easy to decompose. Non-dangerous goods, non-toxic, non-corrosive. Solid PAM has hygroscopicity, flocculation, adhesion, resistance drop, thickening, and good stability.
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