Say Something about Viscosity Testing

Hello Anyone who read this article.

I write this article because i have received many question about how to operate our machine.

Why need viscosity testing.

What can viscometer do.

Let’s learn something first.

What is viscosity?

The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.-------Wikipedia

 

What is Ubbelohde viscometer?

An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity.

A liquid is introduced into the reservoir then sucked through the capillary and measuring bulb. The liquid is allowed to travel back through the measuring bulb and the time it takes for the liquid to pass through two calibrated marks is a measure for viscosity.

The Ubbelohde device has a third arm extending from the end of the capillary and open to the atmosphere. In this way the pressure head only depends on a fixed height and no longer on the total volume of liquid.-------Wikipedia

Why testing viscosity?

Gathering viscosity data on a material gives manufacturers the ability to predict how the material will behave in the real world. For example, if toothpaste does not have the correct viscosity, it can either be too difficult to pump out from the tube, or pump out too much. 

Knowing the viscosity of a material also affects how the production and transportation processes are designed. 

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids.  

Isaac Newton, the man to discover this formula, thought that, at a given temperature and shear stress, the viscosity of a fluid would remain constant regardless of changes to the shear rate. 

He was only partly right. A few fluids, such as water and honey, do behave this way. We call these fluids Newtonian fluids. Most fluids, however, have viscosities that fluctuate depending on the shear rate. These are called Non-Newtonian fluids.

There are five types of non-Newtonian fluids: thixotropic, rheopectic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, and plastic. Different considerations are required when measuring each of these fluid types.

How many accessories required for Viscosity testing?

Simple, follow the stander.

For example, if we testing the PET viscosity, we following the stander GB 17931 or GB/T 14190 or ASTM D4603 or ISO 1628-5.

All the details and progress were listed on the stander.

Take GB 17931 for example,it’s process as following:

I have oranisged the accessories list as below.

Instruments and Solvent for PET Viscosity Measuring Project
Prepare the sample			Function
	Stander
Sample Bag	12cm*17cm（Suggest）		Prepare the sample
Prepare the sample
	Stander
Sessior	11.5cm Scissors		cut sample small for dissolving
Sample Preparation
	Stander
Analytical Balances	Precision 0.1mg		Sample weighing
Dissolving Bottle	50ml or 100 ml Volume	Based on ISO1042 stander，With ground glass stopper	Hold sample and solvent
Weighing paper	120mm*120mm（Suggest）
Conical flask	100ml
Pipette	25ml		Transfer fix volume liquid
Filter appliance	Sand core funnel	40um～100um diameter or Stainless steel mesh plug，0.075mm2	Filter impurities
Sample Dissolving	Temp range 0～120℃		Dissovling the sample
Electric blast drying box			Drying flask with
Vacuum drying oven	Pressure＜100kPa		If the sample moisture exceeds the standard for drying
Solvent
Weight 1:1 or 3:2 phenol/tetrachloroethane solution, accurately weighed at least 1%.			The density ranges are 1.280 ± 0.003 g/cm3 and 1.235 ± 0.003 g/cm3, At 25 degrees ± 0.02
Water
Chromic acid lotion			cleaning the ubbelohde tube
Glass bottle	Brown，5000ml		solvent storage
Dryer and silicone			Hold stander PET chips
Ethanol	AR Stander		Cleaning and dry the tubes
Phenol	AR Stander
Tetrachloroethane	AR Stander
Ear wash ball
Environment Required
	Stander
Fume hood	able acid and alkali corrosion resistance		Toxic and hazardous reagents must be operated in a ventilated environment
Air conditioning			The experimental environment should be controlled at 25°C
Tips: the reagent having toxicity test method should avoid contact with skin and inhalation of vapors.                                                                                     Operators should take appropriate safety and health precautions.

How to choose the viscometer?

First,know what sample you are going to test? It’s it PET or Food?

Our viscometer only applied to test the viscosity of Newtonian liquid

How to use the viscometer？

For more details,please refer to our YouTube Video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgPfbsyvHxQ&t=59s

For more details,please feels free to contact.

Kent

lei@zonwon.com

WhatApp/Wechat: +86 13388604020

聚酯产品特性粘度的测定

1 范围

本标准适用于测定预聚合物，聚酯切片及熔体的特性粘度。测定范围为：0.020—1.500dL/g

2 方法概述

样品溶解于苯酚和1,2-二氯苯的混合液中，由乌氏粘度计测定其流动时间t，再由乌氏粘度计测定苯酚和1,2-二氯苯混合液的流动时间t0，从而求出样品的相对粘度η相对＝t/ t0.。相对粘度和特性粘度之间的关系可由Billmeyer方程式表示：

η特性＝1/4×(η相对－1)/C＋3/4×(lnη相对)/C

式中： C－样品溶液浓度，g/100mL;

η特性－样品特性粘度，dL/g；

η相对－样品相对粘度。

3 仪器

3.1  粘度测定仪：能够控制温度为25.00±0.05℃。

3.2  乌氏粘度计，外加与之相符的粘度计架。

3.3  温度计：0-50℃ ，0.1分度。

3.4  磁力加热搅拌器。

3.5  移液管：25mL。

3.6  金属过滤网：200目。

3.7  具塞三角瓶：50 mL。

3.8  聚四氟乙烯搅拌子。

3.9  玻璃漏斗：直径5cm。

3.10 烧杯：5000mL。

4 试剂和材料

4.1  水：符合GB  6682－92规定的三级水要求。

4.2  苯酚。

4.3  1,2-二氯苯。

4.4  乙醇。

4.5  盐酸溶液：（1＋1）。

4.6  丙酮。

5 试验步骤

5.1    苯酚-1,2-二氯苯溶液的制备

5.1.1  混合苯酚/1,2-二氯苯：将510mL 1,2-二氯苯,加入装有1kg苯酚的瓶中(按重量混合比3：2)进行混合，该溶液的密度为1.151±0.001g/cm3(25 ℃ )。

5.1.2  在烘箱中加热混合物，烘箱温度60℃，加热过程中，要不断摇动，直到混合均匀。

5.1.3  将溶液通过过滤网倒入棕色储液瓶中。

5.2     空白的测定

5.2.1  设定粘度仪水浴温度为25.00±0.05℃。

5.2.2  往粘度计中加入大约17 mL苯酚/1,2-二氯苯溶液（5.1）至两标记线间。

5.2.3  把粘度计放入粘度仪水浴中，恒温15-20分钟，测定苯酚/1,2-二氯苯的流动时间，测定五次，偏差不得超过0.1秒。

5.2.4  取五次测试的平均值，作为每次新制备的苯酚/1,2-二氯苯溶液的流动时间。测定to的流动时间应在80-120秒之间，过低过高都不允许。

5.3     样品的制备

5.3.1  聚酯的含水量应小于0.5%，湿切片要用丙酮清洗表面水，切片残留的丙酮在80 ℃ 烘箱中烘干15-20分钟。残留水份要少到对相对粘度值不起明显作用。

5.3.2  若聚酯结晶度很高，必须破坏其结晶体结构。其方法是将切片装入合适的粉碎机中，来粉碎切片（压力约为150bar）。

5.4     测试

5.4.1  精称125-145mg样品，准至0.0001g，装入50 mL锥形瓶中，加入25 mL(重为28.75--28.80 g)苯酚/1,2-二氯苯溶液（5.1.1），放入磁力搅拌子，加盖。

5.4.2  将锥形瓶放在磁力搅拌器上，在90-100℃ 温度下加热、 搅拌、 溶解样品。

5.4.3  待样品溶解后，将样品冷却。

5.4.4  将样品溶液通过200目金属过滤网过滤，加入到粘度计中。

5.4.5  把粘度计浸入到粘度仪水浴中，恒温20分钟，通过三次测量，确定样品溶液的流出时间，其差值不得超过0.2秒钟。

5.4.6  计算三次测量的平均值t  。

5.5     计算

5.5.1  测定相对粘度

          η相对＝t（样品溶液的平均流出时间，秒）/ t0（苯酚/1,2-二氯苯溶液平均流出时间，秒）

5.5.2  相关因子F

          从附表中读出的相关因子F。

5.5.3  特性粘度的计算

         用相关因子F，除以样品重量，其值即为特性粘度。

         η特性= F/W

         其中:η特性-样品特性粘度，dL/g；

         F-相关因子,mg·dL/g；

         W-样品重量，mg。

5.5.4  同一样品两次平行测定的差值不大于0.008 dL/g，取其算术平均值为测定结果，结果修约到小数点后第三位。

5.6     粘度计清洗

5.6.1  操作完成后，把粘度计中溶液倒入废液瓶中。

5.6.2  把须清洗的粘度计，放到烧杯中。

5.6.3  往粘度计中加入适量乙醇,用吸耳球抽洗几次,彻底倒出残液。

5.6.4  用盐酸溶液浸泡一天。

5.6.5  用水清洗粘度计,再用乙醇润洗,于架子上倒挂晾干。

5.6.6  粘度计在初次使用或杂质较多的情况下，应用铬酸洗液清洗。

6 说明

溶解正常的聚酯切片或无油丝时，加热温度不能太高，不能超过100℃，此步大约需要15分钟。

溶解纺丝前的干切片时，加热温度可升高到130－140℃。

7 注意事项

苯酚、1,2-二氯苯和丙酮有毒，避免吸入及和皮肤接触，配制和使用这些化学品时，要戴橡皮手套和护目镜，所有操作包括废液处理，都应在通风橱内完成。废液倒在废液桶内，定期处理。

Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity of Polyester Products

1 Scope

This standard applies to the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of prepolymers, polyester chips and melts. The measurement range is: 0.020-1.500dL/g

1 Scope

This standard applies to the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of prepolymers, polyester chips and melts. The measurement range is: 0.020-1.500dL/g

2 Method Overview

The sample was dissolved in a mixture of phenol and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The flow time t was measured by an Ubbelohde viscometer. The flow time of the mixture of phenol and 1,2-dichlorobenzene was measured by an Ubbelohde viscometer. , to determine the relative viscosity of the sample η relative = t / t0. The relationship between relative viscosity and intrinsic viscosity can be expressed by the Billmeyer equation:

η characteristic=1/4×(ηrelative-1)/C+3/4×(lnηrelative)/C

Where: C-sample solution concentration, g/100mL;

η characteristics - sample intrinsic viscosity, dL/g;

η-relative-sample relative viscosity.

3 Instruments

3.1 Viscometer: The temperature can be controlled to 25.00 ± 0.05 °C.

3.2 Ubbelohde viscometer, plus a viscometer frame that matches it.

3.3 Thermometer: 0-50°C, 0.1 degree.

3.4 Magnetic heating stirrer.

3.5 Pipette: 25 mL.

3.6 metal filter: 200 mesh.

3.7 stoppered flask: 50 mL.

3.8 Teflon stirrer.

3.9 Glass funnel: 5 cm in diameter.

3.10 Beaker: 5000 mL.

4 Reagents and materials

4.1 Water: Meets the requirements for tertiary water specified in GB 6682-92.

4.2 Phenol.

4.3 1,2-Dichlorobenzene.

4.4 Ethanol.

4.5 Hydrochloric acid solution: (1+1).

4.6 Acetone.

5 test steps

5.1 Preparation of phenol-1,2-dichlorobenzene solution

5.1.1 mixed phenol / 1,2-dichlorobenzene: 510mL 1,2-dichlorobenzene was added to a bottle containing 1kg of phenol (3:2 by weight mixing), the density of the solution was 1.151 ±0.001g/cm3 (25 °C).

5.1.2 Heat the mixture in an oven. The oven temperature is 60°C. During the heating process, it should be shaken continuously until it is evenly mixed.

5.1.3 Pour the solution through the filter into the brown reservoir bottle.

5.2 Determination of blank

5.2.1 set the viscosity bath water temperature 25.00 ± 0.05 °C.

5.2.2 Add approximately 17 mL of phenol/1,2-dichlorobenzene solution (5.1) to the viscometer between the two marked lines.

5.2.3 Put the viscometer in the water bath of the viscometer and keep it at a constant temperature for 15-20 minutes. Determine the flow time of phenol/1,2-dichlorobenzene. Measure five times. The deviation should not exceed 0.1 second.

5.2.4 Take the average of five tests as the flow time of each freshly prepared phenol/1,2-dichlorobenzene solution. The flow time of the to measure should be between 80-120 seconds. Too high and too low are not allowed.

5.3 Preparation of Samples

5.3.1 The moisture content of the polyester should be less than 0.5%. Wet slices should be cleaned with acetone and the residual acetone should be sliced ​​and dried in an oven at 80 °C for 15-20 minutes. The residual moisture is so small that it does not have a significant effect on the relative viscosity value.

5.3.2 If the polyester has a high degree of crystallinity, its crystal structure must be destroyed. The method is to load the slices into a suitable grinder to crush the slices (pressure is about 150 bar).

5.4 Test

5.4.1 Finely weighed 125-145mg sample to a value of 0.0001g and put it into a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL (weight 28.75--28.80 g) of phenol/1,2-dichlorobenzene solution (5.1.1 ), put a magnetic stir bar, and cap it.

5.4.2 Place the flask on a magnetic stirrer and heat, stir and dissolve the sample at 90-100°C.

5.4.3 After the sample is dissolved, cool the sample.

5.4.4 The sample solution is filtered through a 200 mesh metal filter and added to the viscometer.

5.4.5 The viscometer shall be immersed in a water bath of the viscometer for a period of 20 minutes. Through three measurements, the flow time of the sample solution shall be determined. The difference shall not exceed 0.2 second.

5.4.6 Calculate the average t of the three measurements.

5.5 Calculation

5.5.1 Determination of Relative Viscosity

          η relative = t (average flow time of sample solution, second) / t0 (average flow time of phenol/1,2-dichlorobenzene solution, second)

5.5.2 Correlation Factor F

          The relevant factor F read out from the attached table.

5.5.3 Calculation of Intrinsic Viscosity

         With the relevant factor F, divided by the weight of the sample, the value is the intrinsic viscosity.

         η characteristic = F/W

         Among them: η characteristics - sample intrinsic viscosity, dL/g;

         F-related factor, mg·dL/g;

         W-sample weight, mg.

5.5.4 The difference between two parallel determinations of the same sample is not greater than 0.008 dL/g, and the arithmetic average is taken as the measurement result. The result is rounded off to the third decimal place.

5.6 Viscometer Cleaning

5.6.1 After the operation is complete, pour the solution from the viscometer into the waste bottle.

5.6.2 Place the viscometer to be cleaned in a beaker.

5.6.3 Add an appropriate amount of ethanol to the viscometer and wash it several times with a suction earball. Thoroughly pour off the residue.

5.6.4 soak in hydrochloric acid solution for one day.

5.6.5 Clean the viscometer with water, rinse with ethanol, and dry it upside down on the shelf.

5.6.6 The viscometer is cleaned with chromic acid lotion when it is used for the first time or when there are many impurities.

 Description

When the normal polyester chips are melted or no oil, the heating temperature cannot be too high and cannot exceed 100°C. This step takes about 15 minutes.

When the dry section before spinning is dissolved, the heating temperature can be increased to 130-140°C.

7 Precautions

Phenol, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and acetone are toxic. Avoid inhalation and contact with the skin. Wear rubber gloves and goggles when preparing and using these chemicals. All operations including waste treatment should be completed in a fume hood. . The waste liquid is poured into the waste barrel and processed regularly.

Laboratory Viscosity Testing Machine Manufacture & Supplier

Hangzhou Zhongwang Technology Co.,ltd             -----Laboratory Viscosity Testing Machine Manufacture & Supplier Describle: Designed for Ubbelohde viscosity Measurement automatically,wildly applied to measure the kinematic viscosity,dynamic viscosity,relative viscosity,specific viscosity,instrnsic viscosity,average molecular weight,etc. Including: Viscometer water bath, cooling system, glass capillary tube, tube holder, Precision thermometer,etc Specification: Temperature: (5～95） ℃                              Temperature Precision: ±0.01℃ Measuring Position: 2 positions                      Cooling system power： 200W Inner size: (534×170×314） mm                    Outer size: (605×266×376） mm Heating power： 1.0KW                                 Heating power： 220V,50Hz PET PA,PA66,PA12 Aramid fiber PBT PVC Spandex PLA,PGA PAN Silicone PLGA PAM PC PVDF PI Cellulose PMMA PU Chitin PAA PS engineering-plastics TPU PMMA Glue Pin it Hangzhou Zhongwang Technology Co., LTD. Kent Yuan (Mr.) Skype: kenyuan9023                Wechat/WhatsApp:+86 15068109723 E  lei@zonwon.com                  W www.zonwontech.com

Hangzhou Zhongwang Technology Co.,ltd             -----Laboratory Viscosity Testing Machine Manufacture & Supplier

Describle: Designed for Ubbelohde viscosity Measurement automatically,wildly applied to measure the kinematic viscosity,dynamic viscosity,relative viscosity,specific viscosity,instrnsic viscosity,average molecular weight,etc. Including: Viscometer water bath, cooling system, glass capillary tube, tube holder, Precision thermometer,etc Specification: Temperature: (5～95） ℃                              Temperature Precision: ±0.01℃ Measuring Position: 2 positions                      Cooling system power： 200W Inner size: (534×170×314） mm                    Outer size: (605×266×376） mm Heating power： 1.0KW                                 Heating power： 220V,50Hz

PET PA,PA66,PA12 Aramid fiber PBT PVC Spandex PLA,PGA PAN Silicone PLGA PAM PC PVDF PI Cellulose PMMA PU Chitin PAA PS engineering-plastics TPU PMMA Glue

Pin it

Hangzhou Zhongwang Technology Co., LTD. Kent Yuan (Mr.) Skype: kenyuan9023                Wechat/WhatsApp:+86 15068109723 E  lei@zonwon.com                  W www.zonwontech.com

Common Plastic Raw Material Comparison Table

20 common plastic raw material names

常用塑料原料对照表（20种常用塑料原料名）  学名 英文简称 中文学名 俗称 Polypropylene PP 聚丙烯 　 High Density Polyethylene HDPE 高密度聚乙烯 硬性软胶 Low Density Polyethylene LDPE 低密度聚乙烯 　 Linear Low Density Polyethylene LLDPE 线性低密度聚乙烯 　 Polyvinyl Chloride PVC 聚氯乙烯 　 General Purpose Polystyrene GPPS 一般级聚苯乙烯 硬胶 Expansible Polystyrene EPS 发泡性聚苯乙烯 发泡胶 High Impact Polystyrene HIPS 耐冲击性聚苯乙烯 耐冲击硬胶 Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers AS,SAN 苯乙烯─丙烯青共聚物 透明大力胶 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers ABS 丙烯青─丁二烯─苯乙烯共聚合物 超不碎胶 Polymethyl Methacrylate PMMA 聚甲基丙烯酸酯 压克力 Ethylene-Vinyl AcetateCopolymers EVA 乙烯─醋酸乙烯之共聚合物 橡皮胶 Polyethylene Terephthalate PET 聚对苯二甲酸乙酯 聚酯 Polybutylene Terephthalate PBT 聚对苯二甲酸丁酯 　 Polyamide(Nylon 6.66) PA 聚醯胺 尼龙 　 Polycarbonates PC 聚碳酸树酯 防弹胶 Polyacetal POM 聚缩醛树酯 赛钢、夺钢 Polyphenyleneoxide PPO 聚氧化二甲苯 Noryl Polyphenylenesulfide PPS 聚苯硫醚 　 Polyurethanes PU 聚胺基甲酸乙酯

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