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How Temperature Affects Viscosity

  How Temperature Affects Viscosity: Viscosity can be defined as the internal friction that occurs as a material flow, relative to itself....

2017年4月25日星期二

Pipette

Zonwon Automated Pipette
Pipette meaning
Pipettes, pipettor or chemical dropper, also known as "quantitative straw". Hong Kong and Taiwan often call it in English name. Pipette is a laboratory equipment designed to measure the volume of liquid and draw it to drip into other containers. Often used in biological experiments or chemical experiments. Through a variety of designs to achieve different accuracy and precision, including from a simple glass-made straw, to the complex adjustable or electronically controlled straw. Many pipettes allow the local container to form a local vacuum and absorb or discharge the liquid by selectively adjusting the vacuum volume. The accuracy of the measurement varies greatly depending on the type.
Pipette history
Zonwon Automated Liquid Dispenser

Abstract: The first micro-pipette was invented by the German Hans Schmitz (1960). The founder of Eppendorf, HeinrichNetheler, inherited the patent and began commercial production of micro-pipettes in the sixties. The adjustable pipettes were invented by several people in the United States of America Wisconsin, including the inventor Warren Greenson and Henry Lardy, professor of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Even if the various pipettes have their own specific descriptive appeals, in practice any type of pipette will be simple called pipette. Sometimes a 1 to 1000 microliter pipette is treated as a "micropipette", and for a larger volume it becomes a "macropipette"


Pipette species

Common pipettes

DP25 Pipette
Exhaust type micro pipette
Exhausted micro-pipettes, often referred to as "exhaust-type pipettes", are referred to as "pipetting guns" and are an adjustable pipette for measuring between 0.1 and 1000 microliters. This pipette requires a disposable tip, in contact with the liquid. The pipette is driven by a piston to discharge air, whereby the vertically moving metal or ceramic piston creates a vacuum in a closed bobbin. When the piston twists upwards, compresses the rear half of the gas, and the first half of the space becomes a vacuum. At this point, the liquid near the tip of the gun will enter the vacuum part, then can be transferred or re-discharged. This pipette can be very accurate and precise. However, because it relies on the movement of the gas, compression, its accuracy will be affected by environmental conditions, especially the temperature and the user's technology. Thus, the instrument must be properly stored and calibrated, and the user must also be trained to practice the correct and stable operation techniques.

Positive displacement pipettes
D25 Pipette
Such pipettes are similar to exhaust pipettes but are less used and are commonly used to avoid contamination or for small, volatile or sticky substances such as DNA. The main difference is that its disposable tip is a micro-syringe (Microsyringe), made of plastic, including a piston, can be directly discharged from the liquid.

Volumetric pipettes
The volumetric pipette allows the user to measure the volume of the solution with a very high precision (four significant digits), which has a larger ball, which is connected to a narrow portion, which is engraved with a tick , Only a volume (similar to the volumetric flask) is identified. Typical models include 10,25,50 ml volumes. Volumetric pipettes are often used to formulate solutions from the base material or to prepare the titrant.

Scale pipette
Scale pipettes, also known as scale pipettes, graduated pipettes, etc., are a large pipette that contains a tube with a series of graduated lines, similar to a graduated cylinder or burette, representing a different volume. It also needs to create a vacuum, in the early chemical, biological experiments, the experimenter will mouth breathing. Scale pipettes usually have 5,10,25,50 ml specifications.
In order to prevent the inhalation of harmful substances, all kinds of manual or electronically controlled pipettes were invented. Initially, the pipette was made of soda-lime glass. Today, many pipettes are made of borosilicate glass. Disposable scale pipettes are usually made of polystyrene.

Pasteur straw
A Pasteur pipette is a plastic or glass pipette used to transfer a small amount of liquid, but not marked with any volume of scale or line. Pasteur pipettes are more often called droppers, chemical droppers.

Bottle Dispenser / Bottle Dispenser

Introduction: Bottle dispenser is equivalent to the immobilization gun fixed on the reagent bottle, can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of reagent once, especially for the distribution of commonly used reagents to avoid repeated dumping trouble.
Bottle dispenser selection

1, the standard bottle distributor for general acid and alkali and low concentrations of strong acid and alkali and salts, such as: H3PO4, H2PO4, NaOH, kOH, and so on;
2, organic bottle mouth distributor for organic and high concentrations of acid, salt. Such as: HCL, HNO3, TFA, THF and so on;
3, hydrofluoric acid bottle distributor is only suitable for HF

Coyp right by @Hangzhou Zhongwang Technology CO.,LTD


2017年4月21日星期五

2017年4月18日星期二

Peristaltic pump,syringe pump structure and working principle


Peristaltic pump

The peristaltic pump consists of three parts: the drive, the pump head and the hose. The fluid is isolated in the pump tubing, which can quickly replace the pump tubing, the fluid retrograde, the dry running, the maintenance cost is low, and so on constitute the main competitive advantage of the peristaltic pump.


working principle

The peristaltic pump resembles a finger-filled hose with a fluid-like hose that moves forward with the fingers sliding forward. The peristaltic pump is also the principle that the wheel is replaced by a finger. The fluid is pumped by alternately pressing and releasing the elastic delivery hose of the pump. Just like with two fingers clamp the same hose, with the fingers of the movement, the formation of negative pressure inside the tube, the liquid flow.
The peristaltic pump is a pump tube that forms a "pillow" fluid between the two rollers. The volume of the "pillow" depends on the inner diameter of the pump tube and the geometrical characteristics of the rotor. The flow depends on the speed of the pump head and the size of the "pillow", and the number of "pillows" generated by each revolution of the rotor. The size of the "pillow" is generally constant (except when pumping particularly viscous fluids).
Compared with a pump with the same diameter as the rotor, a larger "pillow" volume of the pump is produced, and the volume of the fluid delivered by the rotor per revolution is also large, but the pulsation is also large. This is similar to the case of a membrane valve. And a smaller "pillow" volume of the pump, the rotor per revolution of the volume of fluid is also smaller; and fast, continuous formation of small "pillow" to make the fluid flow is more stable. This works like a gear pump.

Peristaltic pump, syringe pump superiority and application field
Superiority

1, no pollution: fluid only contact the pump tube, do not touch the pump;
2, high precision: repeat accuracy, high stability;
3, low shear force: is the ideal tool for conveying shear sensitive, aggressive and strong fluid;
4, good sealing: a good self-priming ability, can be idle, to prevent the return;
5, simple maintenance: no valves and seals;
6, with two-way equal flow capacity; no liquid air operation will not damage any parts of the pump; can produce up to 98% vacuum; no valves, mechanical seals and packing seals, there is no such leakage And the maintenance of factors; can easily transport solid, liquid or gas-liquid mixed phase fluid, allowing the fluid contained in the solid diameter of 40% of the diameter of the tubular components; can transport a variety of grinding, corrosion, oxygen sensitive properties of materials and various Food, etc .; only the hose for the need to replace the parts, the replacement operation is extremely simple; in addition to the hose, the delivery of products without contact with any parts.


Application areas

Chemical industry; mining, metallurgical industry; paper industry; paint coatings industry; food industry; ceramic industry; oil industry; water treatment industry; pharmaceutical industry; medical equipment industry;

Peristaltic pump, syringe pump classification
classification

The use of peristaltic pump is to get the required flow, so according to the operation and use of peristaltic pump, divided into:
1, speed type peristaltic pump: with the basic control function of the peristaltic pump, display speed, start and stop, direction, speed adjustment, filling emptying, power-down memory, external control input and other functions.
2, flow type peristaltic pump: In addition to the basic functions, the increase in flow display, traffic correction, communication and other functions.
3, the distribution of peristaltic pump: In addition to the basic control functions to increase the flow display, flow correction, communication, liquid distribution, suction, output control and other functions.
4, custom type (OEM) peristaltic pump: has a series of different flow range of peristaltic pump head, customers can according to their own needs, design different peristaltic pump drive circuit supporting the use of.
Peristaltic pump, syringe pump system components
System composition
The peristaltic pump system consists of three parts: a peristaltic pump driver, a peristaltic pump head, a peristaltic pump tubing.
Choose tube
As a condition for peristaltic pump hoses
Has a certain flexibility, that is, the hose can be quickly restored after the radial pressure shape
Has a certain wear resistance
Have a certain ability to withstand stress
No leakage (good air tightness)
Low adsorption, good temperature resistance, easy aging, no swelling, corrosion resistance, precipitation is low
Select the pump head
Select single, multi-channel delivery fluid
Whether it is easy to replace the hose
Whether it is easy to fix the hose
The pipe gap is fine-tuned by ratchet or other means to accommodate different wall thicknesses or to achieve fine-tuning of the pressure

Roller selection: 6 roller structure relative flow slightly larger; 10 wheel structure fluid pulsation amplitude smaller
Trigger structure is smart, open the card is convenient
Select the drive
Whether traffic control is required
Whether the need for liquid distribution
What is the size of the traffic range?
Whether the overall structure is reasonable, whether the operation is convenient
Flow accuracy, liquid volume accuracy is required
Special requirements: protection class, explosion-proof grade and so on
External control requirements: equipment support, operation, etc., such as RS232, RS458 communication, 0-5V external control speed, pulse speed, etc.
Peristaltic pump, daily maintenance of syringe pump

Maintenance


In the daily use of the process, the peristaltic pump, syringe pump after a long time to use as much as possible after the replacement of the hose, it is not easy to cause the silicone tube rupture, the liquid from the hose into the pump head into the wheel, accompanied by corrosive liquid into the wheel The gap should be promptly disassembled the pump head to avoid weathering after the solidification in the roller gap, will cause the pump head card main phenomenon. Hose in the course of the use of specific pumps according to the frequency of the use of timely replacement, or often move the location, if the liquid has a strong corrosive, please select the appropriate material of the imported hose, so as to avoid damage to the pump.

2017年4月10日星期一

Polyester Products Intrinsic Viscosity Measuring Method

Polyester Products Intrinsic Viscosity Measuring Method
Abstract: the measuring method of intrinsic viscosity of polyester products
1 Range
This standard applies to the determination of polymers, polyester chip and the intrinsic viscosity of the melt. Measuring range: 0.020-1.500dL/g
2 Methods introducing
The sample is dissolved in phenol and 1,2- Mixture of p-dichlorobenzene in the determination of flow time by Ubbelohde viscometer t And then ubbelohde viscometer and phenol 1,2- P-dichlorobenzene mixture flow time t0 , To calculate the viscosity of the sample η Rel = t/ t0.  Relative viscosity and relation between intrinsic viscosity can be determined by Billmeyer equation says:
η Attributes = 1/4x (ηrel -1) /c+ 3/4x (nη )/c
In the formula: C -Sample solution concentrations g/100mL;
η Properties-viscosity of the sample, dL/g ;
η Relative-relative viscosity of the sample.

3 Instrument

3.1 Viscosity measuring instrument: the ability to control temperature 25.00±0.05  
3.2 Ubeelohde viscometer, and viscometer holder.
3.3 Thermometer: 0-50  And 0.1 degree.
3.4 Magnetic heating stirrer.
3.5 Pipette: 25mL 
3.6 Metal filters: 200 Mesh.
3.7 Flask: 50 mL 
3.8 PTFE stir.
3.9 Glass funnel diameter 5cm 
3.10 Beaker: 5000mL 

4 Reagents and materials

4.1 Water: the GB 6682 - 92 Provides three levels of water demand.
4.2 Phenol.
4.3 1,2- P-dichlorobenzene.
4.4 Ethanol.
4.5 Hydrochloric acid solution: ( 1 + 1 )
4.6 Acetone.

5 Test Procedure
5.1 Phenol -1,2- Preparation of solution of p-dichlorobenzene
5.1.1 Mixed phenols /1,2- P-dichlorobenzene: 510mL 1,2- P-dichlorobenzene , Join with 1kg Bottle of phenol ( Mixing ratio by weight 3:2) By mixing the solution density is1.151±0.001g/cm3(25  ) 
5.1.2 Heat the mixture in the oven, the oven temperature 60  , The heating process ,shake continuously until fully mixed.
5.1.3 The solution through the filter into the brown liquid in bottles.
5.2 Measuring the blank solution viscometer.
5.2.1 Set the viscometer bath temperature 25.00±0.05  .
5.2.2 Add approximately to viscometer 17 mL Phenol /1,2- P-dichlorobenzene solution ( 5.1 ) To between two marked lines.
5.2.3 Viscometer placed in water bath 15-20 Minutes, measure the flow time five times of phenol /1,2- Dichlorobenzene. The deviation shall not exceed 0.1 Seconds.
5.2.4 Take the average of the five tests, as reference of each new preparation of phenol /1,2- Dichlorobenzene solution of flow time. Determination to the flow time should be in 80-120 seconds, too low too high are not allowed.
5.3 Preparation of the sample
5.3.1 Polyester moisture content should be less than 0.5% Wet slice. Using acetone to clean the surface water. Put the slice in 80  Oven drying 15-20 minutes to clean the residues  acetone . Make sure the residual moisture has very little effect on the relative viscosity.
5.3.2 If polyester high crystallinity, its crystal structure must be destroyed. The method is to slice into the right crusher, crushing sliced (about 150bar).
5.4 Test
5.4.1 Take 125-145mg Samples, accuracy to 0.0001g. Put the sample into 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, then add 25 mL ( 28.75--28.80 g) Phenol /1,2- P-dichlorobenzene solution ( 5.1.1 ), Into the magnetic stirring bars, sealed.
5.4.2 Place the Erlenmeyer flask on a magnetic stirrer. heating, mixing, dissolving sample on 90-100  Temperature
5.4.3 Cool the sample after dissolution.
5.4.4 Pour the sample solution into the viscometer through 200 Mesh metal screen filter. 5.4.5 Put the viscometer into the constant temperature water bath for 20 minutes. Measure the viscosity three times to determine the sample flow time. The difference must not exceed 0.2 Seconds.
5.4.6 Calculate the average of three measurements “t” 
5.5 Calculation
5.5.1 Determination of viscosity
η Rel = t (Sample average outflow of time, in seconds) / t0 (Phenol /1,2- Average outflow of dichlorobenzene solution time in seconds)
5.5.2 Related factors F
          The factors read out from the schedule F 
5.5.3 Calculation of viscosity
         Related factors F Divided by the sample weight, and its value is the intrinsic viscosity.
η Properties = F/W
          :η Properties - Intrinsic viscosity of the sample, dL/g ;
F- Related factors ,mg·dL/g ;
W- Sample weight, mg 
5.5.4 The same sample two parallel determination of the difference is not more than 0.008 dL/g , Take the arithmetic mean as the result, rounding off the results to the third decimal place.
5.6 Viscometer cleaning
5.6.1 When the operation is complete, pour waste liquid viscosity solution in bottle.
5.6.2 Viscometer shall be cleaned and placed in the beaker.
5.6.3 Adding ethanol to the viscometer , Ear suction ball washing times , Completely out of the residue.
5.6.4 Soaking in hydrochloric acid solution one day.
5.6.5 Wash the viscometer , Then wash with ethanol-run , On the shelf upside down to dry.
5.6.6 Viscometer in the case of first-time or more impurities, chromic mixture to clean.

6 Description

Dissolve normal pet chips or oil when heating temperature is not too high, not more than 100  This step takes about 15 Minutes.
Dry slices of dissolved before spinning, heating temperature can be increased to 130 - 140  

7 Attention

Phenol, 1,2- Dichlorobenzene with acetone poisonous, avoid inhalation and contact with skin, formulation and use of these chemicals, wear rubber gloves and goggles, all operations including waste treatment, should be completed in a fume hood. Waste in the waste bin regularly.




2017年4月6日星期四

Polyester Chip Classification: film grade, fiber grade, bottle grade polyester chips


Abstract: Membrane grade, fiber grade, bottle grade polyester chips
1, according to the composition and structure: blending, copolymerization, crystallization, liquid crystal, polyester chips and other loop;
2, according to the performance can be divided into: colorant, flame retardant, antistatic, moisture absorption, anti-pilling, anti-bacterial, whitening, low melting point tackifier (high viscosity) PET chip;
3, according to the purpose can be divided into: fiber grade polyester chips, bottle grade polyester chips, film grade polyester chips (mainly different process indicators).

Fiber grade polyester chips according to which the content of matting agent TiO2 can be divided into: Super bright (bright), bright, semi-dull, (all) extinction polyester chips. There are also cationic polyester chips and so on.   
(1) ultra-bright polyester chips: refers to no TiO2, the appearance of standard colorless transparent particles;
(2) bright polyester chips: containing 0.1% TiO2, translucent particles;
(3) semi-dull polyester chips: containing 0.3 to 0.5% TiO2, milky white or gray particles;
(4) full extinction polyester chips: containing 2.5% TiO2;
(5) cationic polyester chips: for the transparent (yellowish) particles, particles even;
(6) high absorbent polyester chips: PET resin by adding a specific additive (pore agent) made;

Types
                  Variety
             Function



Fiber grade
Semi-extinction fiber grade polyester chips
Filament, taple fiber
Full extinction fiber grade polyester chips
Spinning dull filament, staple fiber

light polyester slice
Spinning dull filament, staple fiberThickening for high tacky


          Membrane grade
Film grade polyester chips
Production of two-way stretch polyester film
High-speed membrane fraction bright polyester chips
High-speed Production of two-way stretch polyester film





        Bottle grade
Bright copolymerized polyester chips
Thickening of polyester chips
Water bottle grade polyester chips
Mineral water bottles, medicine bottles, cosmetics bottles
Oil grade polyester chips
Mineral water bottles, oil bottles
Bottle grade PET chip carbonate
Soda bottles
Hot filling bottle grade polyester chips
Hot filling drinking bottles